Cutting and felling techniques

Overview of the importance and purpose of cutting and felling trees safely.

Cutting and felling trees is a practice as old as civilization itself, integral to human progress and survival. Whether for constructing homes, crafting furniture, or clearing land for agriculture, the ability to safely and efficiently cut down trees has been crucial. However, the importance of performing this task safely cannot be overstated, both for the protection of human life and for the preservation of our environment.


The primary purpose of cutting and felling trees is to obtain wood, a versatile material essential in various industries including construction, paper production, and energy supply in some regions. In forestry management, tree felling is also conducted as part of controlled measures to prevent wildfires by removing potentially hazardous dead or dying trees that can fuel forest fires. Moreover, strategic tree cutting can help maintain ecosystem balance by ensuring that certain species do not dominate others excessively.


However, while the benefits are significant, so too are the risks associated with improper tree cutting techniques. The physical dangers to loggers and bystanders from falling trees are immediate and severe. Each year unfortunate accidents occur due to inadequate training or negligence in following safety protocols. Beyond personal injury or death, improper felling can cause unintended damage to surrounding vegetation, disrupt habitats for wildlife, or even lead to adverse long-term ecological effects like soil erosion.


To mitigate these risks, various safe cutting and felling techniques have been developed over time. These methods ensure that trees fall in a predetermined direction avoiding damage to nearby structures or people. Techniques such as directional felling which involves making precise cuts at certain angles promote control over where a tree will land when it falls. Another method includes using wedges or mechanical assistance like cranes when dealing with particularly large trees to guide their descent safely.


Furthermore, modern technology has introduced equipment such as chainsaws with built-in safety features designed to reduce fatigue from vibration thereby minimizing operator error. Training programs have also become an indispensable part of forestry management ensuring that those involved in tree felling are skilled in both use of equipment and emergency procedures.


In conclusion, while the task of cutting down trees is necessary for many aspects of human development and environmental management it brings with it substantial responsibilities regarding safety practices. Through continued innovation in techniques and tools combined with rigorous training standards we can ensure that this age-old practice proceeds not only efficiently but more importantly-safely.

Tree Removal Powder Springs, GA

Overview of the importance and purpose of cutting and felling trees safely.

Pre-felling Preparation

Pre-felling preparation is a critical phase in the practice of cutting and felling trees, forming the foundation for efficient, safe, and environmentally responsible timber harvesting. This preparatory stage involves a series of steps designed to ensure that the actual task of cutting down trees is performed smoothly, with minimal harm to the environment and maximum safety for the workers involved.


The process begins with a thorough survey of the area where felling is planned. This survey includes identifying the species of trees present, assessing their health and stability, and understanding their distribution across the terrain. Such information is crucial because it influences decisions about which trees are to be felled and in what sequence. Additionally, this initial assessment helps in identifying potential hazards such as dead limbs, nests of bees or other wildlife, nearby power lines, or unstable ground conditions.


Following this survey, tree markers or foresters come into play. They meticulously mark each tree designated for felling. The marking serves multiple purposes: it designates trees that have been approved for removal based on management objectives like forest thinning or clearing land for development; it also ensures that healthy trees that are meant to be preserved are left untouched.


Another important aspect of pre-felling preparation is creating a detailed plan for how each marked tree will be cut down. This involves determining the direction in which each tree should fall - a decision that affects not only the safety of workers but also impacts how much damage is done to the surrounding vegetation. Planners need to consider natural elements such as wind direction and slope of the land during this phase.


The equipment used for felling must also be prepared ahead of time. Chainsaws need to be checked and maintained properly; blades should be sharp and engines functioning well. Safety gear such as helmets, gloves, goggles, and ear protection must be inspected to ensure they provide adequate protection.


Moreover, an escape route for each worker needs to be planned and cleared. This route should offer a clear path away from the falling tree but must also consider other environmental obstacles that might prevent a quick escape from danger.


Lastly, communication plays an essential role throughout these preparations. Crews must understand their roles clearly and know how to signal effectively amongst themselves during operations. Effective communication ensures everyone stays informed about changes in plans or emerging dangers as they occur.


In conclusion, pre-felling preparation is much more than just planning where a few cuts will go on a trunk; it's about ensuring efficiency while prioritizing human safety and environmental stewardship. It requires careful consideration at every step - from ecological assessments through meticulous operational planning - guaranteeing not just successful outcomes but sustainable ones too.

Discuss the necessary steps including assessing tree health and stability, checking for wildlife, and planning the fall path.

Cutting and felling trees require careful planning and execution to ensure safety and minimize environmental impact. Whether the need to fell a tree arises from safety concerns, construction requirements, or forest management, several critical steps must be followed. These include assessing tree health and stability, checking for wildlife habitats, and planning the fall path of the tree.


Assessing Tree Health and Stability


The first step in the process is a thorough assessment of the tree's health and structural stability. This evaluation determines whether the tree can be safely cut down without causing harm or damage. A healthy tree might stand firm during cutting, while a diseased or damaged tree poses various risks such as unpredictable falling patterns or partial breaks.


Arborists typically check for signs of diseases, decay, or damage in the trunk and branches. They also consider factors like lean angle, root visibility, and soil condition around the base. Tools like sounding hammers (used to detect hollow sections) and resistographs (which measure wood density) help determine internal decay that isn't visible externally.


Checking for Wildlife


Before proceeding with cutting down a tree, it's vital to check for wildlife making their home in or around the area. Many birds, mammals, and insects depend on trees for shelter and nesting. The presence of active nests means that felling should be ideally postponed until young have left or relocated safely.


Environmental laws often protect certain species; therefore, conducting wildlife surveys is crucial to comply with legal standards as well as ethical considerations. If wildlife presence is detected, consulting with local conservation officers or wildlife experts can provide guidance on how to proceed responsibly.


Planning the Fall Path


Planning where a tree will land when it falls is perhaps one of the most critical aspects of safe tree felling techniques. This step involves evaluating not only where the tree naturally leans but also considering wind direction, surrounding vegetation, nearby structures, terrain slope, and any other obstacles that could affect its uncontrolled descent.


The chosen fall path should be clear of people and valuable property. Strategic cuts are used to guide the fall in the desired direction-a skill requiring precise knowledge of cutting techniques such as notch cuts at specific angles combined with back cuts that control when and how a tree begins its fall.


Safety zones are established around the expected fall area where no person should enter once cutting begins. Additionally, escape routes for those involved in felling operations are planned so they can quickly move out of harm's way if something goes awry.


Conclusion


Tree felling is more than just cutting through bark-it's a complex procedure demanding careful consideration of biological health assessments, ecological responsibility towards local wildlife populations, detailed spatial planning regarding safety procedures during operation timeframes-all ensuring minimal risk to human lives property damage alike while promoting sustainable management practices within natural environments.
This structured approach not only ensures efficiency in managing forestry resources but significantly contributes toward maintaining ecological balance by considering all elements influenced by such activities.

Discuss the necessary steps including assessing tree health and stability, checking for wildlife, and planning the fall path.
Selection of Tools and Equipment

Selection of Tools and Equipment

Title: The Importance of Proper Selection of Tools and Equipment in Cutting and Felling Techniques


In the realm of forestry and arboriculture, the selection of appropriate tools and equipment is not merely a matter of convenience or efficiency; it is crucial for ensuring safety, achieving operational precision, and conserving the environment. Effective cutting and felling techniques hinge significantly on using tools that are tailored to the specific requirements of the job at hand. This essay explores why choosing the right tools and equipment is essential for successful cutting and felling operations.


The primary step in selecting suitable tools involves understanding the nature of the task. Different trees may require different approaches depending on various factors such as their size, type, location, and the purpose of felling. For instance, chainsaws are commonly used for their power and effectiveness in cutting through thick trunks quickly. However, selecting a chainsaw also involves choosing between gas-powered or electric models, each with its own set of advantages depending on the work environment.


Furthermore, manual saws like hand saws or bow saws might be preferable for smaller jobs or when precision is paramount. These tools allow for more controlled cuts which are crucial in environments where nearby structures or other trees must not be disturbed. The choice between these tools can mean the difference between a clean cut that promotes tree health and an imprecise cut that may lead to disease penetration.


Safety is another critical factor influencing tool selection. Every year there are numerous accidents related to tree cutting activities which can be attributed to improper use or failure of equipment. Professional-grade helmets, gloves, eye protection, ear protection, and robust clothing are indispensable to protect against flying debris and machinery mishaps. Moreover, items like harnesses and ropes might be necessary for climbing large trees safely during limbing or topping actions before full felling.


Efficiency also plays a vital role; advanced technology has led to more sophisticated forestry equipment such as feller bunchers that can grasp multiple small trees simultaneously before cutting them at once near ground level – boosting productivity especially in commercial logging operations.


Environmental consideration is yet another aspect affected by tool choice. The method chosen for tree removal has significant implications on environmental conservation efforts. For example, clear-cutting with heavy machinery might be efficient but can lead to soil erosion if not managed correctly whereas selective cutting using less intrusive tools helps preserve biodiversity.


Lastly, maintaining these tools ensures they perform effectively over time while minimizing potential hazards due to malfunctioning equipment. Regular checks for sharpness of blades, proper engine function in motorized devices like chainsaws, integrity checks on manual saw teeth alignment—all contribute to both safety and efficiency.


In conclusion, thoughtful selection coupled with proper maintenance of tools isn’t just about getting the job done—it’s about doing it responsibly while maximizing worker safety and environmental preservation outcomes within forested landscapes.

Outline different tools such as chainsaws, axes, and wedges, highlighting their specific uses in tree felling.

In the realm of tree felling and forest management, a variety of tools are essential for efficient, safe, and effective operations. Each tool, from chainsaws to axes and wedges, has its specific utility depending on the nature of the task at hand. Understanding the uses and benefits of these tools not only enhances safety but also increases productivity in tree felling activities.


The chainsaw is perhaps the most recognized tool in tree felling. It is a powerful device that consists of a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along a guide bar. Chainsaws come in various sizes and power levels, making them suitable for both light pruning and cutting down large trees. Their efficiency lies in their ability to quickly cut through wood with minimal physical exertion from the operator. For larger trees, more powerful chainsaws are necessary as they provide the required torque to cut through thick trunks smoothly.


However, despite their power, chainsaws require careful handling to ensure safety. They are equipped with features such as kickback protection and chain brakes to mitigate risks during operation. Additionally, proper maintenance such as regular sharpening of the chain and ensuring adequate lubrication is crucial for safe and effective use.


Another indispensable tool in tree felling is the axe. While it may seem primitive compared to a chainsaw, the axe remains highly valuable for specific tasks such as limbing or splitting small logs into manageable pieces. Axes are particularly useful in situations where using a chainsaw might not be feasible due to space constraints or noise considerations. The design of an axe-a sharp blade attached to a handle-allows it to deliver powerful chops that can split wood fibers effectively.


There are different types of axes for various purposes; felling axes have sharp, thin blades that help cut across wood grain rapidly during tree cutting, while splitting axes have wider blades designed to drive apart fibers within logs during wood splitting activities.


Wedges play an equally critical role in tree felling by providing directional control over how a tree falls after being cut with either an axe or chainsaw. These simple yet vital tools are inserted into cuts made in the trunk and hammered further into place to guide the direction of the tree's fall safely away from people, structures, or other hazards in densely wooded areas or residential neighborhoods.


By driving wedges into strategic positions around a partially cut trunk base (known technically as creating kerfs or plunge cuts), fellers can steer tall trees precisely onto intended drop zones-a technique particularly important when avoiding damage is paramount.


Each tool mentioned-chainsaws, axes, and wedges-has distinct characteristics that make them indispensable parts of modern forestry work equipment arsenals. Mastery over these tools' functionality not only ensures greater efficacy but also significantly enhances safety protocols during tree felling operations-an aspect critically important given inherent risks involved with cutting down large plant structures like trees.


Understanding how best to utilize these implements allows workers not only to perform their tasks more efficiently but also protects both themselves and their environment from potential harm-an outcome which underscores why knowledge about these tools is essential for anyone involved directly or indirectly with tree cutting activities.

Outline different tools such as chainsaws, axes, and wedges, highlighting their specific uses in tree felling.
Cutting Techniques

Cutting and felling techniques form a fundamental aspect of various industries such as forestry, agriculture, and culinary arts. Each field employs specific methods tailored to its unique requirements and the nature of the material being cut. This essay delves into the cutting techniques utilized in these fields, highlighting their importance and the precision required to ensure efficiency and safety.


In forestry, the cutting techniques are primarily focused on the felling of trees. This is a critical task that demands careful planning to ensure the safety of loggers and minimize environmental impact. One common method is the directional felling technique which involves making precise cuts to control the direction in which a tree falls. This technique typically starts with a notch cut on the side of the tree facing the desired fall direction. Following this, a felling cut is made on the opposite side, slightly above the bottom of the notch. This method requires understanding tree biology, wood tension, and external factors like wind direction.


Another sophisticated technique used in forestry is called high stump cutting. This method leaves a taller stump after cutting, which can be beneficial for certain ecosystems as it provides habitat for wildlife and reduces soil disruption. However, it requires precise control with chainsaws or other heavy machinery, emphasizing operator skill and knowledge of tree characteristics.


Moving from forestry to agriculture, cutting techniques here include pruning and harvesting crops. Pruning involves selectively removing parts of a plant such as branches or roots to improve or maintain its health and productivity. Techniques vary from simple hand snipping for small plants to using larger shears or saws for trees. The key is understanding plant anatomy to make cuts that encourage healthy growth without exposing plants to diseases.


Harvesting crops might involve scything or using mechanical harvesters depending on scale and type of crop. Scything is an ancient technique that has been refined over centuries but still relies heavily on human skill and timing to cut at an angle that doesn’t damage plants or cause undue strain on the harvester.


In culinary arts, knife skills are paramount not just for aesthetic presentation but also for proper cooking results. Techniques range from basic chops to intricate carvings depending solely on knife control and understanding of food texture. For instance, julienne cuts involve slicing food into thin strips ideal for stir-fries where quick cooking is essential while dicing allows even cooking throughout dishes such as stews.


Each slice must be consistent in size thus requiring steady hand-eye coordination along with sharp tools; dull knives can cause uneven cuts that may impact both appearance and cooking outcomes negatively thereby reducing dish quality significantly.


It’s clear across all discussed sectors – forestry agriculture culinary arts - how critical proper cutting techniques are not only towards achieving specific goals whether it’s safely felling a giant tree harvesting fruits without damage or crafting visually appealing plates but also in promoting sustainable practices ensuring long-term success within each industry through respect towards materials handled whether living trees delicate vegetables or tough meats alike nurturing growth sustaining environments benefiting all involved parties from workers themselves through consumers enjoying end products responsibly produced maintaining natural balance wherever possible.

Explain techniques such as the notch cut, back cut, and other methods to control the direction of a tree’s fall.

In the realm of forestry and arboriculture, effectively controlling the direction in which a tree falls during felling is critical for ensuring safety, preventing damage to property, and managing forests sustainably. This task requires precise techniques, among which the notch cut and back cut are foundational. Understanding these methods along with other supplementary techniques can greatly enhance the efficiency and safety of tree felling operations.


The notch cut, often referred to as the directional or face cut, is the initial series of cuts made on the side of the tree that faces the direction in which you want it to fall. This cut determines the direction of the tree's fall and helps to guide it down safely. There are several types of notch cuts, but two common forms are the open-faced notch and the conventional notch. The open-faced notch involves cutting a wide angle (often 70 degrees) into the tree, about one-third into its diameter. This type of cut provides greater control over where the tree will land because it allows more room for error in aligning other cuts. The conventional notch usually involves a smaller angle (about 45 degrees) and requires more precision.


Following the notch cut is the back cut. This cut is made on the opposite side of the tree from where you've made your notch cut. It should be slightly above the bottom part of your notch so that a hinge can form; this hinge wood is what helps control the fall even as it releases tension from between both cuts. The back cut should never pass through into your face/notch area as maintaining this hinge area intact is crucial for controlling how slowly or quickly a tree falls as well as its final direction.


In addition to these primary cuts, several ancillary techniques may be employed depending on specific circumstances like tree size, species, or condition:



  • Wedges can be inserted into back cuts to prevent trees from settling backwards onto their stumps during felling-a situation known as 'sitting back.' As wedges are driven further in using a sledgehammer or axe handle, they force apart wood fibers gradually guiding and supporting controlled descent.

  • Pulling ropes might also be used especially when dealing with larger trees or when additional force might be needed to influence directionality beyond what natural lean and cutting alone would achieve.

  • For hazardous trees or complex situations involving nearby structures or other significant obstacles, mechanical assistance such as cranes or forwarders might also be employed.


Safety cannot be overstated when discussing cutting techniques; each method requires appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including helmets, eye protection, gloves, ear protection and sturdy boots. Additionally, ensuring that one has proper training in these techniques before attempting any tree felling activities is imperative.


By mastering these essential cutting techniques-the notch cut and back-cut-and incorporating other methods based on situational needs like wedges and ropes or mechanical aids, forestry professionals can maximize control over tree felling operations thus enhancing both efficacy and safety in forest management practices.

In the context of forestry and landscaping, cutting and felling trees are tasks that require precision, skill, and a high degree of safety awareness. The inherent dangers of these activities make it imperative to adhere to established safety measures to protect both the individuals performing the task and the environment around them.


Safety in cutting and felling starts with proper planning. Before any tree is cut down, a thorough assessment should be conducted. This includes identifying the type of tree, understanding its physical condition, and analyzing the surrounding area for obstacles such as other trees, structures, or power lines. Determining the direction in which the tree will fall is crucial and should be planned to avoid causing damage or injury.


Training cannot be overlooked when discussing safety measures in tree felling. Individuals involved in these operations must be trained not only in the use of tools like chainsaws but also in techniques for cutting down trees safely. Training programs often cover topics such as making precise cuts, controlling the direction of a tree's fall, and emergency procedures.


Personal protective equipment (PPE) plays a critical role in ensuring safety during tree cutting and felling. At a minimum, this includes wearing hard hats to protect against falling branches, ear protection to guard against long-term hearing loss from chainsaw noise, safety goggles or face shields to keep out wood chips or sawdust, gloves for better grip and protection from cuts, and sturdy boots ideally with steel toes for foot protection.


The choice of equipment also matters significantly in ensuring safe operations. Chainsaws used should be well-maintained with sharp blades to make clean cuts. Tools should be appropriate for the size of the tree and type of work being performed; using undersized equipment can lead to dangerous situations where control over the tool or tree is lost.


Moreover, clear communication among team members is pivotal during felling operations. Whether through hand signals or verbal cues over radios when noise levels are high due to machinery use-team members must stay informed about what each person is doing at all times. This coordination helps prevent accidents by ensuring everyone knows when a tree is about to fall or when an area becomes hazardous.


Lastly, adhering strictly to environmental considerations also forms part of essential safety measures. Ensuring that wildlife habitats are protected during cutting operations preserves biodiversity while complying with legal regulations that govern certain areas can prevent legal repercussions which could pose risks not only financially but also on project timelines.


In conclusion, while the task of cutting and felling trees may seem straightforward at first glance-it encompasses a complex set of skills that need rigorous application coupled with strict adherence to safety protocols. From pre-operation assessments through training on equipment handling up till execution-every step involves layers of caution designed not just protecting human life but also respecting our natural environment.

When embarking on tasks that involve cutting and felling, such as managing forests, clearing land, or handling construction materials, safety should be the top priority for all involved. The inherent risks associated with these activities demand careful planning and execution to prevent accidents and ensure the well-being of everyone on site. Three critical aspects to focus on are the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), securing the work area, and mastering techniques to avoid kickback and other common dangers.


Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is fundamental in providing a first line of defense against potential hazards encountered during cutting operations. For instance, when using chainsaws or other cutting tools, it is essential that workers wear helmets with face shields to protect against flying debris. Earmuffs or earplugs should be used to guard against hearing damage from prolonged exposure to loud machinery. Additionally, gloves can provide a better grip and protect hands from cuts, while cut-resistant boots ensure foot safety from falling objects or accidental slips.


Securing the area where cutting or felling takes place is equally important. This involves setting up clear boundaries around the work zone to keep unauthorized personnel at a safe distance. Signage should be placed around the perimeter to alert others of ongoing operations. Furthermore, inspecting all equipment before use ensures that any mechanical failures that could lead to dangerous situations are addressed beforehand. Regular maintenance of tools and machinery not only extends their life but also reduces the risk of accidents caused by equipment malfunction.


Understanding and implementing techniques to avoid kickback - one of the most common dangers in saw operations - is crucial for operational safety. Kickback occurs when the nose or tip of a saw blade strikes an object unexpectedly or gets pinched by the material being cut, causing the saw to jerk back toward the operator violently. To minimize this risk, operators must learn proper handling techniques such as maintaining a firm grip with both hands and standing side-on so that their body is not in direct alignment with the saw's blade path. Keeping blades sharp and ensuring they are suitable for the material type also helps reduce resistance during cutting which can trigger kickback.


Moreover, employing correct felling techniques when bringing down trees can significantly mitigate risks. Planning each tree's fall path carefully ensures it does not collide with other trees or obstacles which might cause dangerous deflections or unpredictable falls. Notches should be correctly placed and cut at appropriate depths; this guides trees to fall in desired directions safely.


In conclusion, emphasizing personal protective equipment (PPE), securing work areas adequately, and mastering techniques like avoiding kickback through education and practice form foundational elements for safe cutting and felling operations. These measures do not just protect individuals but enhance overall operation efficiency by minimizing disruptions caused by injuries or accidents.
Ultimately, fostering a culture of safety through continuous training updates on new equipment technologies will further aid in preventing commonplace hazards associated with these tasks.

After the completion of a tree felling operation, a series of post-felling procedures must be undertaken to ensure that the area is left safe, clean, and prepared for subsequent activities or reforestation. These steps are crucial in managing forest resources sustainably and minimizing environmental impact.


Once a tree has been successfully cut down, the first step in post-felling is limbing and bucking. Limbing involves removing all the branches from the trunk, making it easier to transport and process. Bucking then follows, which is cutting the trunk into specific lengths suitable for their intended use or market requirements-whether for timber, pulpwood, or other products.


Safety remains paramount during these operations. Each action should be performed carefully to prevent accidents involving sharp tools and falling limbs. Workers must wear appropriate personal protective equipment and follow safety protocols rigorously.


The next critical aspect of post-felling procedures is dealing with the leftover debris, commonly referred to as slash which includes branches, leaves, and small twigs. Depending on the site management objectives and local regulations, slash may be handled in various ways. It can be left on site to decompose naturally, providing nutrients back to the soil and offering habitat for wildlife. In other scenarios, particularly where large-scale clearcuts have occurred or in urban settings where fire risk might be heightened, slash may need to be removed or managed through controlled burns.


Site preparation is another essential post-felling procedure aimed at facilitating natural regeneration or preparing the ground for planting new trees. This might involve soil disturbance techniques such as plowing or scarification to encourage seed germination from existing seed banks in the soil. Alternatively, if replanting is planned-especially in commercial forestry-specific species suited to the site conditions will be selected for planting.


In addition to physical site preparations, environmental considerations play a significant role in post-felling strategies. Erosion control measures need to be implemented promptly after felling since exposed soils are vulnerable to water runoff that can lead not only to loss of valuable topsoil but also to sedimentation of nearby waterways which can harm aquatic habitats. Techniques such as leaving tree root systems intact when possible or using silt fences can minimize this risk.


Finally, monitoring is an ongoing post-felling activity that ensures all processes align with sustainability goals and compliance with environmental regulations. Monitoring involves regular checks on regenerating areas or newly planted forests assessing their growth progress against expected outcomes ensuring pests or diseases do not compromise reforestation efforts.


By adhering strictly to these comprehensive post-felling procedures comprising limbing and bucking waste management site preparation erosion control measures and continuous monitoring foresters ensure they manage forestlands responsibly contributing both economic value from wood products while conserving ecosystems for future generations.

When a tree is downed, whether for timber harvesting or due to storm damage, a series of processes must be carried out to ensure the area is safe and clean. These processes include limbing, bucking, disposal of debris, and site cleanup.


Limbing is the first process undertaken after a tree has been felled. This involves removing all the branches from the main trunk of the tree. Limbing can be done using various tools such as chainsaws, axes, or pole pruners depending on the size of the branches and the type of tree. The purpose of limbing is not only to prepare the trunk for subsequent steps like bucking but also to clear the area around the fallen tree, making it safer for workers or machinery to operate in.


Following limbing is bucking, which refers to cutting the de-limbed trunk into manageable sections or logs. The length of these sections often depends on their intended use - shorter lengths may be used for firewood while longer sections might be destined for milling into lumber or other wood products. Bucking requires precise cuts and often needs careful measurement to meet specific market demands or processing requirements.


The next step in managing a downed tree is disposal of debris. Debris typically includes small branches, twigs, leaves, and sometimes sawdust generated from limbing and bucking. Proper disposal is crucial not only for aesthetic reasons but also for safety and environmental health. Options for disposing of this material can vary widely; some common methods include chipping it onsite to use as mulch or ground cover, hauling it away for biomass energy production, or allowing it to decompose naturally in designated areas which can provide habitat benefits in forest settings.


Finally, site cleanup ensures that no significant hazards remain and that the site's appearance aligns with land management goals or local regulations. This stage may involve smoothing out ruts caused by heavy equipment used during the felling process or replanting vegetation if required by forestry practices or environmental protection policies.


Each step in this sequence – from limbing through site cleanup – plays an important role not just in managing a downed tree but also in ensuring that forest resources are utilized responsibly while minimizing impact on surrounding ecosystems. Through careful execution of each task involved after a tree has been cut down, we contribute positively toward sustainable forest management and ecological stewardship.

Environmental Considerations in Cutting and Felling Techniques


The practice of cutting and felling trees is integral to forest management, construction, and land clearing activities. However, these actions have significant impacts on the environment, which necessitates careful considerations and adaptive management strategies to minimize ecological disruption.


One primary environmental consideration in cutting and felling techniques is maintaining biodiversity. Forests are rich ecosystems teeming with various species of flora and fauna. The indiscriminate removal of trees can lead to habitat destruction, threatening local wildlife and plant populations. To mitigate this, selective cutting techniques are recommended over clear-cutting practices. Selective cutting involves removing specific trees while leaving a majority intact, thus preserving the ecosystem's structure and function. This method helps maintain biodiversity by providing continuous habitats for wildlife and keeping the forest's ecological dynamics relatively undisturbed.


Soil integrity is another crucial factor impacted by tree felling. The removal of trees often leads to soil erosion because tree roots that bind the soil are no longer present to prevent it from being washed away by rainwater. Additionally, the heavy machinery used in logging operations can compact soil, adversely affecting its health and fertility. Techniques such as directional felling can reduce damage to the surrounding vegetation and soil; this method involves controlling the direction in which a tree falls to avoid unnecessary harm to nearby plants and land areas.


Water resources also need protection during logging activities. Rivers, lakes, and wetlands can be contaminated by runoff from disturbed soils or by chemicals used in logging processes such as insecticides or fungicides. Buffer zones-areas where no cutting occurs near water bodies-are effective at safeguarding aquatic ecosystems from pollution and sedimentation caused by felling activities.


Moreover, climate change considerations are increasingly becoming central in forestry practices. Trees play a critical role in carbon sequestration; they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping mitigate climate change effects. Responsible felling must consider not only the immediate need for timber but also long-term environmental sustainability. Reforestation-planting new trees soon after old ones are cut down-is vital for maintaining carbon sinks, ensuring continued biodiversity support, enhancing water cycles, and restoring ecosystems.


Lastly, community engagement is essential when considering environmental impacts of tree cutting operations. Local communities often rely on forests for their livelihoods-gathering fruits or nuts or using wood for fuel and building materials-and their knowledge about local ecosystems can provide valuable insights into sustainable forestry practices.


In conclusion, while cutting and felling are necessary activities within various sectors like forestry and construction, incorporating sound environmental considerations into these practices ensures minimal disturbance to ecosystems while fulfilling economic needs. Techniques such as selective cutting, directional felling, maintaining buffer zones around water bodies, embracing reforestation efforts after logging operations complete all contribute towards more sustainable forestry management approaches that balance human needs with those of nature.

Minimizing Environmental Impact During Tree Felling Operations


Tree felling is a necessary but impactful activity that can significantly affect local ecosystems if not conducted responsibly. The process involves cutting down trees, which, if done improperly, can lead to damage in surrounding vegetation and wildlife habitats. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt techniques and practices that minimize environmental damage.


Pre-felling Planning: Effective planning is the first step towards minimizing environmental impact. Before any tree is cut, a thorough assessment should be made to understand the specific ecology of the area. This includes identifying which trees are to be felled and understanding their role in the ecosystem. Special consideration should be given to preserving old-growth trees and those that provide habitat for endangered species.


Use of Appropriate Cutting Techniques: The choice of cutting technique plays a significant role in how much impact the felling operation will have on the environment. Techniques such as directional felling, where trees are cut so that they fall in a predetermined direction, can help avoid damage to surrounding vegetation and habitats. This requires skilled operators who can accurately predict the fall path of the tree and ensure it does not harm other flora or fauna.


Buffer Zones: Establishing buffer zones around sensitive areas such as water bodies, wetlands, or rare ecosystems can protect these habitats from the direct effects of tree felling. These zones act as protective barriers that prevent any part of the operation from encroaching into vulnerable areas.


Timing of Operations: The timing of tree felling operations can also significantly affect wildlife. For instance, avoiding breeding seasons when birds and mammals are rearing young can prevent major disruptions to wildlife populations. Similarly, conducting operations outside of migration periods for certain species ensures minimal disruption.


Equipment Selection and Maintenance: Using appropriate and well-maintained equipment reduces unnecessary environmental strain. For example, using sharp saws can speed up cutting times and reduce fuel consumption and emissions from machinery. Additionally, machinery should be checked regularly for leaks to prevent oil or fuel spillages which could contaminate local ecosystems.


Training Staff: Ensuring all personnel involved in tree felling are trained in low-impact techniques is crucial. Education about local wildlife and ecosystems can help workers make informed decisions that avoid unnecessary damage.


Restoration Efforts: After tree felling operations are complete, efforts should be made to restore any disturbances caused by the activity. This might include replanting trees or other native vegetation to help stabilize soil and prevent erosion which could further impact nearby waterways or habitats.


Continuous Monitoring: Finally, monitoring the site before, during, after operations allows for adjustments based on actual conditions on the ground. This adaptive management approach helps mitigate unforeseen impacts which might not have been evident during initial assessments.


In conclusion, while tree felling is an activity with potential negative impacts on environments, employing thoughtful techniques and measures as outlined above can substantially reduce these effects ensuring sustainable forest management practices that balance human needs with ecological preservation.

Legal and Ethical Considerations in Cutting and Felling Techniques


Cutting and felling trees, whether for forestry, urban development, or agriculture, involves more than just the physical act of removing trees. It encompasses a range of legal and ethical considerations that play crucial roles in ensuring sustainable practices and safeguarding ecosystems. Understanding these considerations is essential for anyone involved in this activity.


Legal Considerations


The legal framework surrounding tree cutting and felling is primarily designed to protect the environment while balancing the needs of human development. Laws vary significantly by country and region but generally include permits and regulations to ensure that tree felling does not lead to environmental degradation or endanger public safety.




  1. Permits and Regulations: In many places, a permit must be obtained before any significant tree cutting can commence. These permits help regulate the number of trees that can be cut down and often stipulate the methods and times for felling trees to minimize environmental impact.




  2. Protected Species: Special considerations are made for protected areas and species. For instance, if an area is home to endangered flora or fauna, additional restrictions may be placed on tree felling activities.




  3. Boundary Issues: Legal disputes can arise over boundary issues when trees lie on or near property lines. Tree cutting in these contexts requires clear communication between property owners and adherence to local laws regarding boundary trees.




Ethical Considerations


While legal compliance is mandatory, ethical consideration revolves around conducting operations in a morally responsible way beyond just following laws.




  1. Sustainability: Ethically, it's important to approach tree cutting with sustainability in mind. This means considering the long-term health of forests rather than merely exploiting them for immediate gains. Practicing selective logging, replanting trees, and preserving older forests are part of ethical cutting techniques.




  2. Community Impact: Tree felling can significantly affect local communities - both human and wildlife populations. Ethically managing these impacts involves engaging with local communities to address their concerns about deforestation-related issues such as loss of habitat, changes in landscape character, and subsequent economic impacts.




  3. Animal Habitats: Cutting down trees inevitably affects the habitats of numerous animal species. Ethical practices require planners to assess the impact on wildlife prior to beginning operations; this might involve creating conservation plans or setting aside corridors that allow animals safe passage between remaining forested areas.




  4. Cultural Significance: In some cultures, certain trees hold historical or spiritual significance. The ethical approach includes recognizing these values and possibly consulting with local cultural leaders before initiating tree-felling activities.




In conclusion, while cutting down trees might seem like a straightforward task technically speaking, it involves navigating complex legal frameworks designed to protect our natural resources while also adhering to ethical standards that respect both ecological balance and community values.
By integrating these aspects effectively into forestry practices through education,
planning,
and dialogue,
we ensure that our interaction with nature remains responsible
and sustainable,
allowing future generations also
to enjoy vibrant ecosystems.

Cutting and felling trees, particularly in urban areas, involves more than just the physical act of removing a tree. It encompasses a series of considerations that ensure safety, legality, and environmental stewardship. Before any tree is cut down, it is essential to cover all necessary permits, respect property lines, adhere to local regulations regarding tree removal, and contemplate ethical considerations.


Firstly, obtaining the necessary permits is crucial. Most urban areas require permits for tree removal to ensure that the cutting is justified and does not negatively impact the urban ecosystem or its aesthetics. This process helps maintain an ecological balance and preserve mature trees that can significantly benefit communities by providing shade, improving air quality, and enhancing property values.


Respecting property lines is equally important. Tree cutting can lead to disputes if it encroaches on neighboring properties or if the tree's ownership is under question. It's essential to have a clear understanding of one's property boundaries and discuss plans with adjacent property owners when a tree straddles property lines. This not only fosters good neighborly relations but also avoids potential legal conflicts.


Adhering to local regulations cannot be overlooked. These regulations may dictate the size of the tree that may be removed without a permit, specify protected species that cannot be cut down, or outline methods for safely removing trees close to public infrastructure or utilities. Non-compliance with these rules can result in hefty fines and legal challenges.


Finally, ethical considerations must guide decisions about tree removal in urban settings. Urban trees often serve as important habitats for wildlife and are vital components of the local ecosystem. Their removal should be considered carefully against any potential environmental impacts such as loss of biodiversity or increased urban heat islands effects. Where possible alternative solutions such as pruning or disease treatment should be explored before deciding on removal.


In conclusion, while cutting and felling techniques are critical in managing urban green spaces effectively; understanding and respecting the broader implications including obtaining necessary permits; respecting property rights; following local guidelines; and considering ethical implications play a pivotal role in responsible urban forestry management.

Explain techniques such as the notch cut, back cut, and other methods to control the direction of a tree’s fall.
An arborist practicing tree care: using a chainsaw to fell a eucalyptus tree in a park at Kallista, Victoria.

Arboriculture (/ˈɑːrbərɪˌkʌltʃər, ɑːrˈbɔːr-/)[1] is the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants. The science of arboriculture studies how these plants grow and respond to cultural practices and to their environment. The practice of arboriculture includes cultural techniques such as selection, planting, training, fertilization, pest and pathogen control, pruning, shaping, and removal.

Overview

[edit]

A person who practices or studies arboriculture can be termed an arborist or an arboriculturist. A tree surgeon is more typically someone who is trained in the physical maintenance and manipulation of trees and therefore more a part of the arboriculture process rather than an arborist. Risk management, legal issues, and aesthetic considerations have come to play prominent roles in the practice of arboriculture. Businesses often need to hire arboriculturists to complete "tree hazard surveys" and generally manage the trees on-site to fulfill occupational safety and health obligations.[citation needed]

Arboriculture is primarily focused on individual woody plants and trees maintained for permanent landscape and amenity purposes, usually in gardens, parks or other populated settings, by arborists, for the enjoyment, protection, and benefit of people.[citation needed]

Arboricultural matters are also considered to be within the practice of urban forestry yet the clear and separate divisions are not distinct or discreet.[citation needed]

Tree Benefits

[edit]

Tree benefits are the economic, ecological, social and aesthetic use, function purpose, or services of a tree (or group of trees), in its situational context in the landscape.

Environmental Benefits

[edit]
  • Erosion control and soil retention
  • Improved water infiltration and percolation
  • Protection from exposure: windbreak, shade, impact from hail/rainfall
  • Air humidification
  • Modulates environmental conditions in a given microclimate: shields wind, humidifies, provides shade
  • Carbon sequestration and oxygen production

Ecological Benefits

[edit]
  • Attracting pollinators
  • Increased biodiversity
  • Food for decomposers, consumers, and pollinators
  • Soil health: organic matter accumulation from leaf litter and root exudates (symbiotic microbes)
  • Ecological habitat

Socioeconomic Benefits

[edit]
  • Increases employment: forestry, education, tourism
  • Run-off and flood control (e.g. bioswales, plantings on slopes)
  • Aesthetic beauty: parks, gatherings, social events, tourism, senses (fragrance, visual), focal point
  • Adds character and prestige to the landscape, creating a "natural" feel
  • Climate control (e.g shade): can reduce energy consumption of buildings
  • Privacy and protection: from noise, wind
  • Cultural benefits: eg. memorials for a loved one
  • Medical benefits: eg. Taxus chemotherapy
  • Materials: wood for building, paper pulp
  • Fodder for livestock
  • Property value: trees can increase by 10–20%[citation needed]
  • Increases the amount of time customers will spend in a mall, strip mall, shopping district[citation needed]

Tree Defects

[edit]

A tree defect is any feature, condition, or deformity of a tree that indicates weak structure or instability that could contribute to tree failure.

Common types of tree defects:

Codominant stems: two or more stems that grow upward from a single point of origin and compete with one another.

  • common with decurrent growth habits
  • occurs in excurrent trees only after the leader is killed and multiple leaders compete for dominance

Included bark: bark is incorporated in the joint between two limbs, creating a weak attachment

  • occurs in branch unions with a high attachment angle (i.e. v-shaped unions)
  • common in many columnar/fastigiate growing deciduous trees

Dead, diseased, or broken branches:

  • woundwood cannot grow over stubs or dead branches to seal off decay
  • symptoms/signs of disease: e.g. oozing through the bark, sunken areas in the bark, and bark with abnormal patterns or colours, stunted new growth, discolouration of the foliage

Cracks

  • longitudinal cracks result from interior decay, bark rips/tears, or torsion from wind load
  • transverse cracks result from buckled wood, often caused by unnatural loading on branches, such as lion's tailing.
  • Seams: bark edges meet at a crack or wound
  • Ribs: bulges, indicating interior cracks

Cavity and hollows: sunken or open areas wherein a tree has suffered injury followed by decay. Further indications include: fungal fruiting structures, insect or animal nests.

Lean: a lean of more than 40% from vertical presents a risk of tree failure

Taper: change in diameter over the length of trunks branches and roots

Epicormic branches (water sprouts in canopy or suckers from root system): often grow in response to major damage or excessive pruning

Roots:

  • girdling roots compress the trunk, leading to poor trunk taper, and restrict vascular flow
  • kinked roots provide poor structural support; the kink is a site of potential root failure
  • circling roots occurs when roots encounter obstructions/limitations such as a small tree well or being grown too long in a nursery pot; these cannot provide adequate structural support and are limited in accessing nutrients and water
  • healthy soil texture and depth, drainage, water availability, makes for healthy roots

Tree Installation

[edit]

Proper tree installation ensures the long-term viability of the tree and reduces the risk of tree failure.

Quality nursery stock must be used. There must be no visible damage or sign of disease. Ideally the tree should have good crown structure. A healthy root ball should not have circling roots and new fibrous roots should be present at the soil perimeter. Girdling or circling roots should be pruned out. Excess soil above the root flare should be removed immediately, since it present a risk of disease ingress into the trunk.

Appropriate time of year to plant: generally fall or early spring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.

Planting hole: the planting hole should be 3 times the width of the root ball. The hole should be dug deep enough that when the root ball is placed on the substrate, the root flare is 3–5cm above the surrounding soil grade. If soil is left against the trunk, it may lead to bark, cambium and wood decay. Angular sides to the planting hole will encourage roots to grow radially from the trunk, rather than circling the planting hole. In urban settings, soil preparation may include the use of:

  • Silva cells: suspended pavement over modular cells containing soil for root development
  • Structural soils: growing medium composed of 80% crushed rock and 20% loam, which supports surface load without it leading to soil compaction

Tree wells: a zone of mulch can be installed around the tree trunk to: limit root zone competition (from turf or weeds), reduce soil compaction, improve soil structure, conserve moisture, and keep lawn equipment at a distance. No more than 5–10cm of mulch should be used to avoid suffocating the roots. Mulch must be kept approximately 20cm from the trunk to avoid burying the root flare. With city trees additional tree well preparation includes:

Tree grates/grill and frames: limit compaction on root zone and mechanical damage to roots and trunk

Root barriers: forces roots to grow down under surface asphalt/concrete/pavers to limit infrastructure damage from roots

Staking: newly planted, immature trees should be staked for one growing season to allow for the root system to establish. Staking for longer than one season should only be considered in situations where the root system has failed to establish sufficient structural support. Guy wires can be used for larger, newly planted trees. Care must be used to avoid stem girdling from the support system ties.

Irrigation: irrigation infrastructure may be installed to ensure a regular water supply throughout the lifetime of the tree. Wicking beds are an underground reservoir from which water is wicked into soil. Watering bags may be temporarily installed around tree stakes to provide water until the root system becomes established. Permeable paving allows for water infiltration in paved urban settings, such as parks and walkways.

UK

[edit]

Within the United Kingdom trees are considered as a material consideration within the town planning system and may be conserved as amenity landscape[2] features.

The role of the Arborist or Local Government Arboricultural Officer is likely to have a great effect on such matters. Identification of trees of high quality which may have extensive longevity is a key element in the preservation of trees.

Urban and rural trees may benefit from statutory protection under the Town and Country Planning[3] system. Such protection can result in the conservation and improvement of the urban forest as well as rural settlements.

Historically the profession divides into the operational and professional areas. These might be further subdivided into the private and public sectors. The profession is broadly considered as having one trade body known as the Arboricultural Association, although the Institute of Chartered Foresters offers a route for professional recognition and chartered arboriculturist status.

The qualifications associated with the industry range from vocational to Doctorate. Arboriculture is a comparatively young industry.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "arboriculture". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  2. ^ "Amenity landscapes • Environment Guide". www.environmentguide.org.nz. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  3. ^ "Town and Country Planning Association". Town and Country Planning Association. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  • Harris, Richard W. (1983). Arboriculture: Care of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines in the Landscape. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 2–3. ISBN 0-13-043935-5.
  • "arboriculture". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Merriam-Webster.
  • "arboriculture". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007.
  • "arboriculture". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Online. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000.
[edit]

 

Lithia Springs may refer to:

The International Society of Arboriculture, commonly known as ISA, is an international non-profit organization headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia,[1] United States. The ISA serves the tree care industry as a paid membership association and a credentialing organization that promotes the professional practice of arboriculture.[2] ISA focuses on providing research, technology, and education opportunities for tree care professionals to develop their arboricultural expertise. ISA also works to educate the general public about the benefits of trees and the need for proper tree care.[3][4]

Worldwide, ISA has 22,000 members and 31,000 ISA-certified tree care professionals with 59 chapters, associate organizations, and professional affiliates throughout North America, Asia, Oceania, Europe, and South America.[5]

Credentials

[edit]

ISA offers the following credentials:

  • ISA Certified Arborist
  • ISA Certified Arborist Utility Specialist (for those maintaining vegetation around electric utility wires)
  • ISA Certified Arborist Municipal Specialist (for those with additional experience managing public urban trees)
  • ISA Certified Tree Climber
  • ISA Certified Tree Worker Aerial Lift Specialist
  • ISA Board Certified Master Arborist
  • ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualification

ISA Certified Arborist

[edit]
James Kinder, an ISA Certified Municipal Arborist, examining a Japanese hemlock at Hoyt Arboretum
A Hinoki cypress receiving some corrective pruning by a certified arborist in Oregon

The Certified Arborist credential identifies professional arborists who have a minimum of three years' full-time experience working in the professional tree care industry and who have passed an examination covering facets of arboriculture.[6][7] The Western Chapter of the ISA started the certification program in the 1980s,[citation needed] with the ISA initiating it in 1992.[8]

ISA Board Certified Master Arborist

[edit]

The Board Certified Master Arborist (BCMA) or simply Master Arborist credential identifies professional arborists who have attained the highest level of arboriculture offered by the ISA and one of the two top levels in the field. There are several paths to the Board Certified Master Arborist, but typically on average each has been an ISA Certified Arborist a minimum of three to five years before qualifying for the exam (this can vary depending upon other education and experience). The certification began as a result of the need to distinguish the top few arborists and allow others to identify those with superior credentials.

The Master Arborist examination is a far more extensive exam than the Certified Arborist Exam, and covers a broad scope of both aboriculture management, science and work practices. The exam includes the following areas:

  • Science: Abiotic Influences; Biology; Biotic Influences; Diagnostic Process; Diagnostic Tools; Plant Identification and Selection; Soil Sciences
  • Practice: Climbing, Rigging, and Removal; Installation; IPM; Water Management; Pruning; Soil Treatments; Soil & protection
  • Management: Business Relations; Inventory and Management Plans; Plant Appraisal; Risk Assessment; Safety; Tree Preservation

Another credential that is on a par with the Master Arborist is that of the American Society of Consulting Arborists, the Registered Consulting Arborist.[9] There are perhaps six hundred individuals with that qualification, and only 70 arborists who hold both credentials.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "International Society of Arboriculture homepage". www.isa-arbor.com. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  2. ^ "International Society of Arboriculture > Who We Are > Our Services". www.isa-arbor.com. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  3. ^ "International Society of Arboriculture > Online Learning". www.isa-arbor.com. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  4. ^ "International Society of Arboriculture > Membership > Student Programs". www.isa-arbor.com. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  5. ^ "International Society of Arboriculture > Who We Are > Our Network". www.isa-arbor.com. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  6. ^ "ISA Certified Arborist". International Society of Arboriculture. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  7. ^ Konijnendijk, Cecil C.; Randrup, Thomas B. (2005). "Urban forestry education". In Konijnendijk, Cecil C.; Nilsson, Kjell; Randrup, Thomas B.; Schipperijn, Jasper (eds.). Urban Forests and Trees: A Reference Book. Berlin: Springer. p. 470. ISBN 9783540276845.
  8. ^ Koeser, Andrew K.; Hauer, Richard J.; Miesbauer, Jason W.; Peterson, Ward (2016). "Municipal tree risk assessment in the United States: Findings from a comprehensive survey of urban forest management". Arboricultural Journal. 38 (4): 218–229. doi:10.1080/03071375.2016.1221178.
  9. ^ "What is a consulting arborist?". American Society of Consulting Arborists. Archived from the original on 2010-10-17. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
[edit]
A Timberjack wheeled harvester stacking cut timber in Finland

Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits.[1] Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands.[2] The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences.[3] Forest management plays an essential role in the creation and modification of habitats and affects ecosystem services provisioning.[4]

Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including: the provision of timber, fuel wood, wildlife habitat, natural water quality management, recreation, landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes, biodiversity management, watershed management, erosion control, and preserving forests as "sinks" for atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as the most important component of the biosphere,[5] and forestry has emerged as a vital applied science, craft, and technology. A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester. Another common term is silviculturist. Silviculture is narrower than forestry, being concerned only with forest plants, but is often used synonymously with forestry.

All people depend upon forests and their biodiversity, some more than others.[6] Forestry is an important economic segment in various industrial countries,[7] as forests provide more than 86 million green jobs and support the livelihoods of many more people.[6] For example, in Germany, forests cover nearly a third of the land area,[8] wood is the most important renewable resource, and forestry supports more than a million jobs and about €181 billion of value to the German economy each year.[9]

Worldwide, an estimated 880 million people spend part of their time collecting fuelwood or producing charcoal, many of them women.[6][quantify] Human populations tend to be low in areas of low-income countries with high forest cover and high forest biodiversity, but poverty rates in these areas tend to be high.[6] Some 252 million people living in forests and savannahs have incomes of less than US$1.25 per day.[6]

Science

[edit]

Forestry as a science

[edit]

Over the past centuries, forestry was regarded as a separate science. With the rise of ecology and environmental science, there has been a reordering in the applied sciences. In line with this view, forestry is a primary land-use science comparable with agriculture.[10] Under these headings, the fundamentals behind the management of natural forests comes by way of natural ecology. Forests or tree plantations, those whose primary purpose is the extraction of forest products, are planned and managed to utilize a mix of ecological and agroecological principles.[11] In many regions of the world there is considerable conflict between forest practices and other societal priorities such as water quality, watershed preservation, sustainable fishing, conservation, and species preservation.[12]

Silvology

[edit]

Silvology (Latin: silva or sylva, "forests and woods"; Ancient Greek: -λογία, -logia, "science of" or "study of") is the biological science of studying forests and woodlands, incorporating the understanding of natural forest ecosystems, and the effects and development of silvicultural practices. The term complements silviculture, which deals with the art and practice of forest management.[13]

Silvology is seen as a single science for forestry and was first used by Professor Roelof A.A. Oldeman at Wageningen University.[14] It integrates the study of forests and forest ecology, dealing with single tree autecology and natural forest ecology.

Dendrology

[edit]
Leaf shape is a common method used to identify trees.

Dendrology (Ancient Greek: δένδρον, dendron, "tree"; and Ancient Greek: -λογία, -logia, science of or study of) or xylology (Ancient Greek: ξύλον, ksulon, "wood") is the science and study of woody plants (trees, shrubs, and lianas), specifically, their taxonomic classifications.[15] There is no sharp boundary between plant taxonomy and dendrology; woody plants not only belong to many different plant families, but these families may be made up of both woody and non-woody members. Some families include only a few woody species. Dendrology, as a discipline of industrial forestry, tends to focus on identification of economically useful woody plants and their taxonomic interrelationships. As an academic course of study, dendrology will include all woody plants, native and non-native, that occur in a region. A related discipline is the study of sylvics, which focuses on the autecology of genera and species.

In the past, dendrology included the study of the natural history of woody species in specific regions, but this aspect is now considered part of ecology. The field also plays a role in conserving rare or endangered species.[15]

Genetic diversity in forestry

[edit]

The provenance of forest reproductive material used to plant forests has a great influence on how the trees develop, hence why it is important to use forest reproductive material of good quality and of high genetic diversity.[16] More generally, all forest management practices, including in natural regeneration systems, may impact the genetic diversity of trees.

The term genetic diversity describes the differences in DNA sequence between individuals as distinct from variation caused by environmental influences. The unique genetic composition of an individual (its genotype) will determine its performance (its phenotype) at a particular site.[17]

Genetic diversity is needed to maintain the vitality of forests and to provide resilience to pests and diseases. Genetic diversity also ensures that forest trees can survive, adapt and evolve under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, genetic diversity is the foundation of biological diversity at species and ecosystem levels. Forest genetic resources are therefore important to consider in forest management.[16]

Genetic diversity in forests is threatened by forest fires, pests and diseases, habitat fragmentation, poor silvicultural practices and inappropriate use of forest reproductive material.

About 98 million hectares of forest were affected by fire in 2015; this was mainly in the tropical domain, where fire burned about 4 percent of the total forest area in that year. More than two-thirds of the total forest area affected was in Africa and South America. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million hectares of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains.[18]

Furthermore, the marginal populations of many tree species are facing new threats due to the effects of climate change.[16]

Most countries in Europe have recommendations or guidelines for selecting species and provenances that can be used in a given site or zone.[17]

Forest management

[edit]
 
Sustainable forest management balances local socioeconomic, cultural, and ecological needs and constraints.

Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as silviculture, forest protection, and forest regulation. This includes management for timber, aesthetics, recreation, urban values, water, wildlife, inland and nearshore fisheries, wood products, plant genetic resources, and other forest resource values.[19] Management objectives can be for conservation, utilisation, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of different species, building and maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire.

Many tools like remote sensing, GIS and photogrammetry[20][21] modelling have been developed to improve forest inventory and management planning.[22] Scientific research plays a crucial role in helping forest management. For example, climate modeling,[23][24][25] biodiversity research,[26][27] carbon sequestration research,[24][28][29] GIS applications,[30][31] and long-term monitoring[25][32] help assess and improve forest management, ensuring its effectiveness and success.

Urban forestry

[edit]
 
Tree pruning in Durham, North Carolina
Professional Tree Climber (arborist: Zack Weiler) climbing a willow tree in Port Elgin, ON. Canada
James Kinder, an ISA Certified Municipal Arborist examining a Japanese Hemlock at Hoyt Arboretum
Urban forestry is the care and management of single trees and tree populations in urban settings for the purpose of improving the urban environment. Urban forestry involves both planning and management, including the programming of care and maintenance operations of the urban forest.[33] Urban forestry advocates the role of trees as a critical part of the urban infrastructure. Urban foresters plant and maintain trees, support appropriate tree and forest preservation, conduct research and promote the many benefits trees provide. Urban forestry is practiced by municipal and commercial arborists, municipal and utility foresters, environmental policymakers, city planners, consultants, educators, researchers and community activists.

Forestry education

[edit]

History of forestry education

[edit]

The first dedicated forestry school was established by Georg Ludwig Hartig at Hungen in the Wetterau, Hesse, in 1787, though forestry had been taught earlier in central Europe, including at the University of Giessen, in Hesse-Darmstadt.

In Spain, the first forestry school was the Forest Engineering School of Madrid (Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes), founded in 1844.

The first in North America, the Biltmore Forest School was established near Asheville, North Carolina, by Carl A. Schenck on September 1, 1898, on the grounds of George W. Vanderbilt's Biltmore Estate. Another early school was the New York State College of Forestry, established at Cornell University just a few weeks later, in September 1898.

Early 19th century North American foresters went to Germany to study forestry. Some early German foresters also emigrated to North America.

In South America the first forestry school was established in Brazil, in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, in 1962, and moved the next year to become a faculty at the Federal University of Paraná, in Curitiba.[34]

Forestry education today

[edit]
Prescribed burning is used by foresters to reduce fuel loads.

Today, forestry education typically includes training in general biology, ecology, botany, genetics, soil science, climatology, hydrology, economics and forest management. Education in the basics of sociology and political science is often considered an advantage. Professional skills in conflict resolution and communication are also important in training programs.[35]

In India, forestry education is imparted in the agricultural universities and in Forest Research Institutes (deemed universities). Four year degree programmes are conducted in these universities at the undergraduate level. Masters and Doctorate degrees are also available in these universities.

In the United States, postsecondary forestry education leading to a Bachelor's degree or Master's degree is accredited by the Society of American Foresters.[36]

In Canada the Canadian Institute of Forestry awards silver rings to graduates from accredited university BSc programs, as well as college and technical programs.[37]

In many European countries, training in forestry is made in accordance with requirements of the Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area.

The International Union of Forest Research Organizations is the only international organization that coordinates forest science efforts worldwide.[38]

Continuing education

[edit]

In order to keep up with changing demands and environmental factors, forestry education does not stop at graduation. Increasingly, forestry professionals engage in regular training to maintain and improve on their management practices. An increasingly popular tool are marteloscopes; one hectare large, rectangular forest sites where all trees are numbered, mapped and recorded.

These sites can be used to do virtual thinnings and test one's wood quality and volume estimations as well as tree microhabitats. This system is mainly suitable to regions with small-scale multi-functional forest management systems

History

[edit]

Society and culture

[edit]

Literature

[edit]
The first book edition of Sylva

Forestry literature is the books, journals and other publications about forestry.

The first major works about forestry in the English language included Roger Taverner's Booke of Survey (1565), John Manwood's A Brefe Collection of the Lawes of the Forrest (1592) and John Evelyn's Sylva (1662).[39]

Noted silvologists

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "SAFnet Dictionary | Definition For [forestry]". Dictionaryofforestry.org. 2008-10-22. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
  2. ^ "Seed Origin -pinga Forestry Focus". Forestry Focus. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  3. ^ Young, Raymond A. (1982). Introduction to Forest Science. John Wiley & Sons. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-471-06438-1.
  4. ^ Frouz, Jan; Frouzová, Jaroslava (2022). Applied Ecology. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4. ISBN 978-3-030-83224-7. S2CID 245009867.
  5. ^ "ecosystem part of biosphere". Tutorvista.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
  6. ^ a b c d e The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8985en. ISBN 978-92-5-132707-4. S2CID 241416114.
  7. ^ "How does the forest industry contribute to the economy?". www.nrcan.gc.ca. 26 August 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  8. ^ Bundeswaldinventur 2002 Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV), retrieved, 17 January 2010
  9. ^ Unternehmen Wald, forests as an enterprise, German private forestry association website Archived 2016-09-18 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.
  11. ^ Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.
  12. ^ Fishes and forestry : worldwide watershed interactions and management. Northcote, T. G., Hartman, G. F. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science. 2004. ISBN 978-0-470-99524-2. OCLC 184983506.cite book: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ^ Hemery, G.; Skovsgaard, J. P. (April 2018). "Silvology: Redefining the Biological Science for the Study of Forests". Quarterly Journal of Forestry. 112 (2): 128–31.
  14. ^ Oldeman, R. A. A. (1990). Forests: elements of silvology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 624. ISBN 0-387-51883-5.
  15. ^ a b "Dendrology | Definition & Description | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  16. ^ a b c de Vries, S.M.G., Alan, M., Bozzano, M., Burianek, V., Collin, E., Cottrell, J., Ivankovic, M., Kelleher, C.T., Koskela, J., Rotach, P., Vietto, L. and Yrjänä, L. (2015). "Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees and establishment of a core network of dynamic conservation units" (PDF). European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.: xii + 40 p. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-31. Retrieved 2017-01-20.cite journal: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ a b Konnert, M., Fady, B., Gömöry, D., A’Hara, S., Wolter, F., Ducci, F., Koskela, J., Bozzano, M., Maaten, T. and Kowalczyk, J. (2015). "Use and transfer of forest reproductive material in Europe in the context of climate change" (PDF). European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.: xvi and 75 p. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2017-01-20.cite journal: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings. Rome: FAO. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8753en. ISBN 978-92-5-132581-0. S2CID 130116768.
  19. ^ "Glossary of Forestry Terms in British Columbia" (PDF). Ministry of Forests and Range (Canada). March 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  20. ^ "I. Balenovich, A. Seletkovich, et al. Comparison of Classical Terrestrial and Photogrammetric Method in Creating Management Division. FORMEC. Croatia 2012. pp. 1-13".
  21. ^ "I. Balenović, D. Vuletić, et al. Digital Photogrammetry – State of the Art and Potential for Application in Forest Management in Croatia. SEEFOR. South-East European Forestry. #2, 2011. pp. 81–93" (PDF).
  22. ^ Mozgeris, Gintautas (May 30, 2009). "The continuous field view of representing forest geographically: from cartographic representation towards improved management planning". S.A.P.I.EN.S. 2 (2) – via journals.openedition.org.
  23. ^ Anderegg, William R. L.; Wu, Chao; Acil, Nezha; Carvalhais, Nuno; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Sadler, Jon P.; Seidl, Rupert (2 September 2022). "A climate risk analysis of Earth's forests in the 21st century" (PDF). Science. 377 (6610): 1099–1103. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1099A. doi:10.1126/science.abp9723. PMID 36048937. S2CID 252010508.
  24. ^ a b Windisch, Michael G.; Davin, Edouard L.; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (October 2021). "Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts". Nature Climate Change. 11 (10): 867–871. Bibcode:2021NatCC..11..867W. doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z. S2CID 237947801. ProQuest 2578272675.
  25. ^ a b Benedek, Zsófia; FertÅ‘, Imre (2013). "Development and application of a new Forestation Index: global forestation patterns and drivers" (Document). IEHAS Discussion Papers. hdl:10419/108304. ProQuest 1698449297.
  26. ^ Zhang, Mingfang; Wei, Xiaohua (5 March 2021). "Deforestation, forestation, and water supply". Science. 371 (6533): 990–991. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..990Z. doi:10.1126/science.abe7821. PMID 33674479. S2CID 232124649.
  27. ^ Prevedello, Jayme A.; Winck, Gisele R.; Weber, Marcelo M.; Nichols, Elizabeth; Sinervo, Barry (20 March 2019). "Impacts of forestation and deforestation on local temperature across the globe". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213368. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413368P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213368. PMC 6426338. PMID 30893352. Gale A579457448.
  28. ^ Anderegg, William R. L.; Wu, Chao; Acil, Nezha; Carvalhais, Nuno; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Sadler, Jon P.; Seidl, Rupert (2 September 2022). "A climate risk analysis of Earth's forests in the 21st century" (PDF). Science. 377 (6610): 1099–1103. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1099A. doi:10.1126/science.abp9723. PMID 36048937. S2CID 252010508.
  29. ^ Portmann, Raphael; Beyerle, Urs; Davin, Edouard; Fischer, Erich M.; De Hertog, Steven; Schemm, Sebastian (4 October 2022). "Global forestation and deforestation affect remote climate via adjusted atmosphere and ocean circulation". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 5569. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.5569P. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33279-9. PMC 9532392. PMID 36195588.
  30. ^ Zhang, Mingfang; Wei, Xiaohua (5 March 2021). "Deforestation, forestation, and water supply". Science. 371 (6533): 990–991. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..990Z. doi:10.1126/science.abe7821. PMID 33674479. S2CID 232124649.
  31. ^ AbdulBaqi, Faten Khalid (June 2022). "The effect of afforestation and green roofs techniques on thermal reduction in Duhok city". Trees, Forests and People. 8: 100267. Bibcode:2022TFP.....800267A. doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100267. S2CID 248646593.
  32. ^ Prevedello, Jayme A.; Winck, Gisele R.; Weber, Marcelo M.; Nichols, Elizabeth; Sinervo, Barry (20 March 2019). "Impacts of forestation and deforestation on local temperature across the globe". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213368. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413368P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213368. PMC 6426338. PMID 30893352. Gale A579457448.
  33. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 695. ISBN 978-0415862875.
  34. ^ "News of the world". Unasylva. 23 (3). FAO. 1969. Archived from the original on 2010-04-27. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  35. ^ Sample, V. A.; Bixler, R. P.; McDonough, M. H.; Bullard, S. H.; Snieckus, M. M. (July 16, 2015). "The Promise and Performance of Forestry Education in the United States: Results of a Survey of Forestry Employers, Graduates, and Educators". Journal of Forestry. 113 (6): 528–537. doi:10.5849/jof.14-122.
  36. ^ "SAF Accredited and Candidate Forestry Degree Programs" (PDF) (Press release). Society of American Foresters. 2008-05-19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-26. The Society of American Foresters grants accreditation only to specific educational curricula that lead to a first professional degree in forestry at the bachelor's or master's level.
  37. ^ "Canadian Institute of Forestry - Silver Ring Program". Cif-ifc.org. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
  38. ^ "Discover IUFRO:The Organization". IUFRO. Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  39. ^ N.D.G. James (1996), "A History of Forestry and Monographic Forestry Literature in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom", The Literature of Forestry and Agroforestry, Cornell University Press, pp. 34–35, ISBN 9780801431814

Sources

[edit]

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings​, FAO, FAO.

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief​, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023​, FAO, FAO.

[edit]

 

An arborist using a chainsaw to cut a eucalyptus tree in a public park
Arborists in Ontario
Two arborists climbing and dismantling a Norway Maple in Ontario, Canada

An arborist, or (less commonly) arboriculturist, is a professional in the practice of arboriculture, which is the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants in dendrology and horticulture.[citation needed]

Arborists generally focus on the health and safety of individual plants and trees, rather than managing forests or harvesting wood (silviculture or forestry). An arborist's scope of work is therefore distinct from that of either a forester or a logger.[citation needed]

Scope of work

[edit]
An ISA Certified municipal arborist examining a Japanese Hemlock at Hoyt Arboretum in Portland, Oregon

In order for arborists to work near power wires, either additional training is required or they need to be certified as a Qualified Line Clearance Arborist or Utility Arborist (there may be different terminology for various countries). There is a variety of minimum distances that must be kept from power wires depending on voltage, however the common distance for low voltage lines in urban settings is 10 feet (about 3 metres).[1]

Arborists who climb (as not all do) can use a variety of techniques to ascend into the tree. The least invasive, and most popular technique used is to ascend on rope. There are two common methods of climbing, Single Rope System (SRS) and Moving Rope System (MRS). When personal safety is an issue, or the tree is being removed, arborists may use 'spikes', (also known as 'gaffs' or 'spurs') attached to their chainsaw boots with straps to ascend and work. Spikes wound the tree, leaving small holes where each step has been.[citation needed]

An arborist's work may involve very large and complex trees, or ecological communities and their abiotic components in the context of the landscape ecosystem. These may require monitoring and treatment to ensure they are healthy, safe, and suitable to property owners or community standards. This work may include some or all of the following: planting; transplanting; pruning; structural support; preventing, or diagnosing and treating phytopathology or parasitism; preventing or interrupting grazing or predation; installing lightning protection; and removing vegetation deemed as hazardous, an invasive species, a disease vector, or a weed.[citation needed]

Arborists may also plan, consult, write reports and give legal testimony. While some aspects of this work are done on the ground or in an office, much of it is done by arborists who perform tree services and who climb the trees with ropes, harnesses and other equipment. Lifts and cranes may be used too. The work of all arborists is not the same. Some may just provide a consulting service; others may perform climbing, pruning and planting: whilst others may provide a combination of all of these services.[2]

Qualifications

[edit]
An arborist disassembling a tree using a crane and bucket

Arborists gain qualifications to practice arboriculture in a variety of ways and some arborists are more qualified than others. Experience working safely and effectively in and around trees is essential. Arborists tend to specialize in one or more disciplines of arboriculture, such as diagnosis and treatment of pests, diseases and nutritional deficiencies in trees, climbing and pruning, cabling and lightning protection, or consultation and report writing. All these disciplines are related to one another and some arborists are very well experienced in all areas of tree work, however not all arborists have the training or experience to properly practice every discipline.[citation needed]

Arborists choose to pursue formal certification, which is available in some countries and varies somewhat by location. An arborist who holds certification in one or more disciplines may be expected to participate in rigorous continuing education requirements to ensure constant improvement of skills and techniques.[citation needed]

In Australia, arboricultural education and training are streamlined countrywide through a multi-disciplinary vocational education, training, and qualification authority called the Australian Qualifications Framework, which offers varying levels of professional qualification. Government institutions including Technical and Further Education TAFE offer Certificate III or a diploma in arboriculture as well as some universities.[3][4] There are also many private institutions covering similar educational framework in each state. Recognition of prior learning is also an option for practicing arborists with 10 or more years of experience with no prior formal training. It allows them to be assessed and fast track their certification.[citation needed]

In France, a qualified arborist must hold a Management of Ornamental Trees certificate, and a qualified arborist climber must hold a Pruning and Care of Trees certificate; both delivered by the French Ministry of Agriculture.[5][6]

In the UK, an arborist can gain qualifications up to and including a master's degree. College-based courses include further education qualifications, such as national certificate, national diploma, while higher education courses in arboriculture include foundation degree, bachelor's degree and master's degree.[citation needed]

In the US, a Certified Arborist (CA) is a professional who has over three years of documented and verified experience and has passed a rigorous written test from the International Society of Arboriculture. Other designations include Municipal Specialist, Utility Specialist and Board Certified Master Arborist (BCMA). The USA and Canada additionally have college-based training which, if passed, will give the certificate of Qualified Arborist. The Qualified Arborist can then be used to offset partial experience towards the Certified Arborist.

Tree Risk Assessment Qualified credential (TRAQ), designed by the International Society of Arboriculture, was launched in 2013. At that time people holding the TRACE credential were transferred over to the TRAQ credential.[citation needed]

In Canada, there are provincially governed apprenticeship programs that allow arborists' to work near power lines upon completion. These apprenticeship programs must meet the provincial reregulations (For example, in B.C. they must meet WorkSafeBC G19.30), and individuals must ensure they meet the requirements of the owner of the power system.[citation needed]

Cultural practices

[edit]
Arborists may use specialised vehicles to gain access to trees, such as this Unimog equipped with a power take-off driven woodchipper

Trees in urban landscape settings are often subject to disturbances, whether human or natural, both above and below ground. They may require care to improve their chances of survival following damage from either biotic or abiotic causes. Arborists can provide appropriate solutions, such as pruning trees for health and good structure, for aesthetic reasons, and to permit people to walk under them (a technique often referred to as "crown raising"), or to keep them away from wires, fences and buildings (a technique referred to as "crown reduction").[7] Timing and methods of treatment depend on the species of tree and the purpose of the work. To determine the best practices, a thorough knowledge of local species and environments is essential.[citation needed]

There can be a vast difference between the techniques and practices of professional arborists and those of inadequately trained tree workers. Some commonly offered "services" are considered unacceptable by modern arboricultural standards and may seriously damage, disfigure, weaken, or even kill trees. One such example is tree topping, lopping, or "hat-racking", where entire tops of trees or main stems are removed, generally by cross-cutting the main stem(s) or leaders, leaving large unsightly stubs. Trees that manage to survive such treatment are left prone to a spectrum of detrimental effects, including vigorous but weakly attached regrowth, pest susceptibility, pathogen intrusion, and internal decay.[8]

Pruning should only be done with a specific purpose in mind. Every cut is a wound, and every leaf lost is removal of photosynthetic potential. Proper pruning can be helpful in many ways, but should always be done with the minimum amount of live tissue removed.[9]

In recent years, research has proven that wound dressings such as paint, tar or other coverings are unnecessary and may harm trees. The coverings may encourage growth of decay-causing fungi. Proper pruning, by cutting through branches at the right location, can do more to limit decay than wound dressing [10]

Chemicals can be applied to trees for insect or disease control through soil application, stem injections or spraying. Compacted or disturbed soils can be improved in various ways.[citation needed]

Arborists can also assess trees to determine the health, structure, safety or feasibility within a landscape and in proximity to humans. Modern arboriculture has progressed in technology and sophistication from practices of the past. Many current practices are based on knowledge gained through recent research, including that of Alex Shigo, considered one "father" of modern arboriculture.[11]

[edit]

Depending on the jurisdiction, there may be a number of legal issues surrounding the practices of arborists, including boundary issues, public safety issues, "heritage" trees of community value, and "neighbour" issues such as ownership, obstruction of views, impacts of roots crossing boundaries, nuisance problems, disease or insect quarantines, and safety of nearby trees or plants that may be affected.[citation needed]

Arborists are frequently consulted to establish the factual basis of disputes involving trees, or by private property owners seeking to avoid legal liability through the duty of care.[12] Arborists may be asked to assess the value of a tree[13] in the process of an insurance claim for trees damaged or destroyed,[14] or to recover damages resulting from tree theft or vandalism.[15] In cities with tree preservation orders an arborist's evaluation of tree hazard may be required before a property owner may remove a tree, or to assure the protection of trees in development plans and during construction operations. Carrying out work on protected trees and hedges is illegal without express permission from local authorities,[16] and can result in legal action including fines.[17] Homeowners who have entered into contracts with a Homeowner's association (see also Restrictive covenants) may need an arborists' professional opinion of a hazardous condition prior to removing a tree, or may be obligated to assure the protection of the views of neighboring properties prior to planting a tree or in the course of pruning.[18] Arborists may be consulted in forensic investigations where the evidence of a crime can be determined within the growth rings of a tree, for example. Arborists may be engaged by one member of a dispute in order to identify factual information about trees useful to that member of the dispute, or they can be engaged as an expert witness providing unbiased scientific knowledge in a court case. Homeowners associations seeking to write restrictive covenants, or legislative bodies seeking to write laws involving trees, may seek the counsel of arborists in order to avoid future difficulties.[19]

Before undertaking works in the UK, arborists have a legal responsibility to survey trees for wildlife, especially bats, which are given particular legal protection. In addition, any tree in the UK can be covered by a tree preservation order and it is illegal to conduct any work on a tree, including deadwooding or pruning, before permission has been sought from the local council.[citation needed]

Organizations

[edit]
  • Australia Limited, a non-profit organisation, is a national organisation promoting and representing tree workers, arborists, professional tree management and urban forestry throughout Australia and the Asia-Pacific region.[20]
  • The Tree Care Industry Association (formerly the National Arborist Association) is a public and professional non-profit organization for the arboriculture field. It has more than 2,000 member companies representing over a dozen countries. TCIA's Accreditation program certifies that tree care companies that have been inspected and accredited based on adherence to industry standards for performance and safety; maintenance of trained, professional staff; and dedication to ethics and quality in business practices. In addition, they provide safety and educational programs, guidelines for tree service operations, ANSI A300 tree pruning standards, and consumer resources.[citation needed]
  • The International Society of Arboriculture, a non-profit organization, maintains a list of ISA Certified Arborists who have passed a written exam and demonstrated a basic level of knowledge in arboriculture.[21] There are also additional classifications of certified arborists with Certified Arborist/Utility Specialist for those who work near power lines, and Certified Arborist/Municipal Specialist for those who deal mostly with community trees. Other certifications exist for Certified Tree Workers, and the highest level of certification, the Board Certified Master Arborist.[citation needed]
  • The American Society of Consulting Arborists is an organization whose membership is exclusive to those with a certain level of industry experience, plus higher educational experience or continuing education; some members may achieve a higher status by fulfilling the requirements to become a Registered Consulting Arborist.[22] Consulting arborists generally specialize in the areas of ethics, law, land planning and development, and tree valuation, among others. Consulting arborists are often called on for legal testimony and report writing in various instances where a particular authority on trees is necessary for consequent actions.
  • In the UK, the professional body representing the sector is the Institute of Chartered Foresters. The trade body representing arborists is the Arboricultural Association. The association maintains a register of consultants who have demonstrated a high level of technical arboricultural knowledge, and operate an Approved Contractor scheme. This scheme assesses both the technical competence and business practices of arboricultural contractors.
  • The European Arboricultural Council is a European group of multiple arboriculture organizations from various countries.
  • Plant Amnesty is a public education and advocacy group, based in Seattle, dedicated to promoting proper pruning methods. Founded in 1987, Plant Amnesty became an international resource for arborists and their clients in the mid-1990s.[23][24]

In literature

[edit]

The protagonist in Italo Calvino's novel The Baron in the Trees lives life on the ground as a boy and spends the rest of his life swinging from tree to tree in the Italian countryside. As a young man he helps the local fruit farmers by pruning their trees.[citation needed]

Notable arborists

[edit]

Some noteworthy arborists include:

  • Francis A. Bartlett – founded The Bartlett Tree Experts Co., the world's leading scientific tree and shrub care company in 1907.
  • John Chapman – pioneering U.S. frontier nurseryman and orchardist, commonly known as Johnny Appleseed.
  • Canopy Cat Rescue[25] – rescues domestic cats from tall trees; appears on Treetop Cat Rescue.
  • Sebastian Junger – author of Perfect Storm and War. Previous to becoming a journalist, Sebastian was an arborist in Massachusetts.
  • Chuck Leavell – two-time recipient of the Georgia Tree Farmer of the Year award, and author of the children's book, The Tree Farmer. In 2006 Leavell was appointed by Governor Sonny Perdue to the Georgia Land Conservation Council. He is also an accomplished jazz pianist and keyboardist for the Rolling Stones.[26]
  • Alex Shigo – considered the father of modern arboriculture.
  • David Mitchell - Devon born tree inspector and veteran tree expert
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See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ American National Standards Institute Z.133- and International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers.
  2. ^ Harris, Richard W., James R. Clark, and Nelda P. Matheny: Arboriculture Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines, third edition; Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1999.
  3. ^ "Becoming an Arborist". Victorian Skills Gateway. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  4. ^ "Graduate Certificate in Arboriculture". University of Melbourne. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  5. ^ "Les formations qualifiantes des arboristes : certificat de spécialisation CS " taille et soin des arbres "". Copalme (in French). Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  6. ^ "Le CFPPA à l'action sur le domaine Paul-Riquet - Enseignement et formation - Un vrai chantier pour les lycéens". La Dépêche (in French). February 23, 2017. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  7. ^ "Pruning Standards to Maintain Landscape Trees (3)". E. Thomas Smiley, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist and Bruce R. Fraedrich, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist; Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory.
  8. ^ "Follow Proper Pruning Techniques | Earth-Kind® Landscaping". aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu.
  9. ^ "Access Trees Home". treesaccess.com. Archived from the original on 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  10. ^ https://joa.isa-arbor.com/request.asp?JournalID=1&ArticleID=1923&Type=2, Wound dressings results of studies over 13 years
  11. ^ Alex Shigo pioneered tree-friendly pruning by Ron Sullivan; San Francisco Chronicle November 15, 2006.
  12. ^ Common Law Branches Off Into New Directions; by Victor D. Merullo; Journal of Arboriculture 20(6): November 1994.
  13. ^ Landscape Tree Appraisal by David P. Mooter, et al.; University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension; March 2004.
  14. ^ Guide for Plant Appraisal, 9th ed; by the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers; International Society of Arboriculture; 2000.
  15. ^ See also specific legal provisions for "tree theft" such as, for example, the Revised Code of Washington title 64.12.030 for Washington (State, USA) or similar state, provincial, or local statutes.
  16. ^ "A Guide To The Laws Of Arboriculture & Tree Legislations". Surrey Tree Surgery. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  17. ^ "Businessman fined £28,000 for felling protected yew tree". The Daily Telegraph. London. 3 June 2013. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  18. ^ Arboriculture and the Law in Canada by Julian Dunster and Susan Murray; International Society of Arboriculture; 1997.
  19. ^ Arboriculture and the Law by Victor D. Merrullo; International Society of Arboriculture; 1992.
  20. ^ "About Us". arboriculture.org.au. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  21. ^ "Verify an ISA Certification / Find a Tree Care Service". International Society of Arboriculture. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  22. ^ "American Society of Consulting Arborists – Registered Consulting Arborist". Archived from the original on 2003-02-28. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
  23. ^ "The Seattle Times: Pacific Northwest Magazine". The Seattle Times.
  24. ^ Young, Paul. "Bakersfield CA Local Online Stock Brokerage Firms | Berkeley Daily". Archived from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
  25. ^ "Cat stuck in a tree in Washington". Canopy Cat Rescue. Archived from the original on 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
  26. ^ "Chuck Leavell - Trees". chuckleavell.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
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Reviews for All In Tree Services and Pro


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